Did Volcanoes Kill the Dinosaurs

Sixty-five million years ago, give or take a few hundred thousand years, a meteor smashed into Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula, throwing up billowing clouds of ash and smoke that quickly spread, over the next few days and weeks, across the worlds atmosphere. Blotted out, the sun could no longer nourish the earths teeming ferns, forests, and flowers, and as these plants died, so did the animals that fed on them — first the herbivorous dinosaurs, and then the carnivorous dinosaurs whose populations these plant-eaters sustained. That, in a nutshell (or a meteor crater), is the story of the K/T Extinction Event. But some experts think this story is incomplete: it has a suitably thrilling climax, to be sure, but not enough attention has been paid to the events leading up to it. Specifically, evidence exists that the five million years leading up to the K/T Extinction witnessed a huge surge in volcanic activity — and that lung-choking, sun-blocking volcanic ash, every bit as much as meteor debris, may have weakened dinosaurs to such an extent that they were easy pickings for the Yucatan disaster. The Volcanoes of the Late Cretaceous Period Throughout its history, the earth has been geologically active — and during the late Cretaceous period, 70 million years ago, the most geologically active place on earth was northern India, near modern-day Mumbai. (This had nothing to do with the slow collision of India with the underside of Eurasia, which wouldnt occur for another ten million years, but stresses in  the fast-moving subcontinental plate were certainly involved.) Specifically, the volcanoes of the Deccan Traps spewed lava for tens of thousands of years on end; this lava eventually covered over 200,000 square miles of the subcontinent and reached a depth (in some locations) of over a mile! As you can imagine, the Deccan Traps were bad news for local Indian and Asian wildlife, as terrestrial and marine animals were literally cooked alive and then buried beneath millions of tons of solidifying lava. But the traps may also have had a disastrous effect on the worldwide ecology since volcanoes are notorious for releasing high levels of sulfur and carbon dioxide —  which would have both acidified the worlds oceans and caused a rapid spate of global warming, even despite all the accompanying dust thrown up into atmosphere. (Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning it tends reflects heat from the earth back onto the surface, rather than allowing it to dissipate into outer space.) Volcano Extinction vs. Meteor Extinction What makes the volcano scenario hard to prove or disprove, vis-a-vis the meteor impact theory of dinosaur extinction, is that it depends on much of the same evidence. One key piece of data adduced by supporters of the Yucatan meteor impact is the characteristic layer of iridium, an element common in asteroids, in sediments laid down at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Unfortunately, iridium is also found in the molten rock under the earths crust, which  can be  expelled by volcanoes! The same applies to shocked-quartz crystals, which can be caused by either meteor impacts or (at least according to some theories) intense volcanic eruptions. What about the dinosaurs themselves, and their persistence — or lack of it — in the fossil record? We know that dinosaurs roamed the earth right up until the K/T boundary, 65 million years ago, whereas the Deccan Traps became active 70 million years ago. Thats a very soft boundary extinction of five million years, while its clear that dinosaurs went extinct within a couple of hundred thousand years of the Yucatan meteor impact — a relatively hard boundary extinction by geological standards. (On the other hand, there is some evidence that dinosaurs were dwindling in diversity during the last few million years of the Cretaceous period, which may or may not be attributable to volcanic activity.) In the end, these two scenarios — death by volcano and death by meteor — are not inconsistent with one another. It may very well be the case that all terrestrial life on earth, including dinosaurs, was profoundly weakened by the Deccan Traps, and the Yucatan meteor delivered the proverbial coup de grace. In effect, a slow, painful extinction was followed by a fast, even more painful extinction (which brings to mind that old saying about how people go bankrupt: a little bit at a time, and then all at once.) Volcanoes May Not Have Killed the Dinosaurs - But They Made Dinosaurs Possible Ironically, we do know one instance in which volcanoes had a major impact on dinosaurs — but it happened at the end of the Triassic period, not the Cretaceous. A new study makes the solid case that the end-Triassic extinction event, which doomed more than half of all terrestrial animals, was caused by volcanic eruptions accompanying the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. It was only after the dust had cleared that the earliest dinosaurs — which evolved during the middle Triassic period--were free to fill the open ecological niches left by their doomed relatives, and assert their dominance during the ensuing Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

Alzheimer’s Disease The Importance of Public Awareness...

Imagine greeting your grandmother and being met with a blank stare. Think about how it would feel to watch as your father forgets how to drive or dress himself. Picture your own mother crying out for her long dead parents and siblings. Try to envision the look on a loved one’s face as you tell them that they can no longer live at home alone. Now put yourself in their place-- slowly losing your freedom, your memory, and your very identity. Welcome to the world of Alzheimer’s disease. This is the reality that nearly fifteen million caregivers and over five million patients must face every day. Public awareness must be raised about Alzheimer’s disease and the people it affects. Alzheimer’s disease was discovered in 1906 by German†¦show more content†¦Plaque deposits are clumps of protein and dead cells in the grey matter as well as along blood vessels within the brain. Intracellular flaws have been found in nerve cells of Alzheimer’s patients , such as mutations in the cell structures that make them unable to change genetic information into proteins, a step that is necessary for memories to be stored. A major factor appears to be chemical imbalances caused by lack of enzymes needed to make chemicals for transmitting information from one cell to another. It is unknown how these defects are interrelated, and more study needs to be done to determine the connections and causes. If Alzheimer’s disease was given more attention in the public eye, that would stimulate more medical research to determine how the disease works and maybe even point to prevention or a cure. As these abnormalities begin to occur in the brain, the first outward symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is mild memory loss. This occurs gradually over a period of time, and often remains ignored until it begins to interfere with the person’s work or social life. 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The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay Free Essays

string(52) " to vie is to concentrate on the value watercourse\." With the aid of company ‘s resources and the full capablenesss a company can make these distinction scheme and cost scheme for accomplishing the competitory advantage. It is of import for the house to make up one’s mind on choosing a peculiar scheme that should the house focal point on distinguishing the merchandise or should the house attempt to follow the cost scheme, it wholly depends on the company and the type of company it is. Achieving both the cost and distinction advantage helps the company to accomplish positional advantage which mean that the company is a leader in its ‘ industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now    R? µsourc? µs D-st-nct-v? µ Comp? µt? µnc-? µs Cost dv A ; deg ; nt A ; deg ; g? µ or D-ff? µr? µnt- A ; deg ; t-on dv A ; deg ; nt A ; deg ; g? µ V A ; deg ; lu? µ Cr? µ A ; deg ; t-on C A ; deg ; p A ; deg ; b-l-t-? µs       Forming the market scheme When explicating the existent selling scheme the company really formulates its scheme in many different ways but the astonishing portion is that all of the ways includes dimension. The degree at which the investing should be included or turn a concern Focus on the merchandise or better the service market where the company has to vie Improvement of the merchandise line, positioning the merchandise, or concentrating on the pricing determination or execution of the distribution schemes which are needed to accomplish competitory advantage. Skills needed or the assets to implement the scheme and accomplish competitory advantage. The company where situated, in the long term to be a leader in the market the best manner to accomplish leading is by making the nucleus competences. The betterments in engineerings are doing the domestic trade and the international trade more competitory. Harmonizing to Kotlar, 2004 a company can outdo set up a scheme by understanding globalization and analyze it to explicate schemes. All the factors such as globalization and engineerings are all interconnected. It is because of engineering that there are huge sum of communicating taking topographic point which helps companies to happen other companies where they can make concern. In these ways competition around the universe is increasing and therefore the companies need to explicate schemes which will impact the company in positive and assist the company to be a leader in their industry. Economicss of graduated table Achieving economic sciences of graduated table is really of import for a company because it is related to the cost that is needed to bring forth a peculiar merchandise or services. There are two types of schemes that a company can implement and which can be allowed by lone economic sciences of graduated table. These two schemes are low cost scheme and market pricing scheme. In the low cost scheme the company reduces the merchandise or services doing cost which helps them ear more net income by giving the merchandise to the client at a lower cost for which the company enjoys the economic sciences of graduated table which leads them to accomplish competitory advantage. In the low cost scheme all the company have to make is to maintain the fixed cost of the merchandise or services unchanged and cut down the variable cost which is possible for the administration if they have adequate assets and good direction to command the cost of their services. The other scheme for the company through economic sciences of graduated table would be to maintain the monetary value which is set by the market but cut down the cost of bring forthing the services for which the company will hold cut down the variable cost. After cut downing the variable cost the company the company can bear down the merchandise at the market monetary value but gaining more net income than the other companies. This is why economic sciences of graduated table is needed for a company to accomplish. Value concatenation To make more offers for the consumers a company besides needs to concentrate on the value concatenation which will intern offer clients more expeditiously and assist to company to use the cost more efficaciously. This will ensue for the company to supply services in much more inexpensive manner or at a lower cost which will distinguish the merchandise from that of the rivals. Harmonizing to Rajnandan ( 2007 ) claims that concentrating on the value concatenation does non intend merely seeking it or merely to add value ; it besides means adding values such as betterment of the substructure of the company, engineerings and other critical functions which helps the company to accomplish the competitory advantage. When a company needs to make up one’s mind on outsourcing so value concatenation is needed. . ( Porter, 1999 ) Harmonizing to Lancaster, 2002, it is necessary for a company to concentrate on the rival ‘s scheme, how the other companies in the same industry are carry oning or implementing their scheme. This allows the company to roll up information which will take to pass on the competitory variables. All the variables may include how the other company works in footings of viing with their challengers and it will assist the company who is conveying the study will hold the cognition of how the other company is working. After holding the information on the other company, the company can analyze and implement a much more different scheme which will assist them to accomplish competitory advantage via communicating effectivity. Both the upstream and the downstream providers are connected to the value concatenation which consequences in an addition in the value concatenation and it is known as value system. Concentrating on value system is really of import and a company should non merely concentrate on the value concatenation which will do company accomplish more competitory advantage. This is necessary because for the consequence of globalization and the promotion in the engineerings, deregulating led to the addition in competition. In this consequence the administration had to cut cost but first of all the best manner to vie is to concentrate on the value watercourse. You read "The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay" in category "Essay examples" ( Kiichiro Fukasaku, 2007 ) Focus on the market For the administrations that are wholly marketing oriented, who can be merchandise or service based or net income or non net income based has to concentrate on the client satisfaction and fulfill their demands and wants. Harmonizing to Lancaster, 2002 the chief key to concentrate and accomplish the administration end expeditiously and efficaciously in the instance of the selling concept the best manner is by wholly being client oriented, being focused on the profitableness and besides co-ordinate selling. To convey this market scheme it is of import for the company to implement a market research through which the company will acquire to cognize the best manner to be competitory and increase net income. Market research is simple an analysis of the entire market of a peculiar industry where there are model-building and facts which will assist the company to do peculiar determination which will intern assist the company to accomplish administration ends efficaciously ( Kotler, 1999 ) . To back up the schemes that are implemented by the companies, the scheme capablenesss are needed. To prolong the competitory advantage the strategic capablenesss are besides needed, some of the links that are needed as a tool and patterns of accomplishing competitory scheme are given below. ( Susman, 1992 ) Figure: The nexus between design tools and patterns and competitory scheme The company needs to larn both its ‘ external and internal environment and this is the manner how the company will hold the ability to entree and capture the information. All this processes can be easy simplified which may be merely done minimising the complexness of information while roll uping and treating them. Through this the company will be able to larn the purchasing behavior of the seller and the client and how the clients behave while buying a peculiar merchandise or services. Both the clients and the sellers get full satisfaction after implementing the study and entree the information, because now the client will be provided with better services and merchandises and at the same the the seller will able to gain more net incomes. ( Lancaster, 2002 ) Awareness KNOWLEDGE Liking Preference Conviction Purchase Figure: The Innovation/Adoption theoretical account ( Lancaster 2002 ) The schemes which are implemented by the companies can be looked at as wide visions which may dwell of consistent constellation of activities are taken by the competitory advantage. The model of competitory advantage may assist the company to supply with some of the tools that may be used to ticket and look at the drivers of the cost and the place of the cost that the company is in. The model besides helps the company to acquire the strategically section the market in an industry. ( Porter, 1998 ) E-Trading These yearss about everyone in the developed and the developing states trusts and have full entree to computing machines for which E-Trading has increased. It is non merely making concern with the clients merely but it besides involves making concern with the other concern. It may be making concern with the providers or making concern with the direct Sellerss or the retail mercantile establishment via cyberspace. This occurred because of the engineering promotion, globalization and the huge usage of cyberspace. The tendency is ever of latest manner when the company have to travel with the tendencies and the latest manner for the company to cover with certain alterations so the company must non keep back. For a company the best option would be to follow up the tendency and convey in alterations for which the companies have to put in all the recent engineerings and develop the company ‘s proficient substructure. This will let the company to cover with the client online and do con cern online and there are many advantages when companies get involved in E trading. It is said that E trading is the fastest and the quickest manner to buy goods from the providers and sell the goods to the clients. These twenty-four hours all the established Bankss have the option for doing dealing through cyberspace hence if a company have Tocopherol trading option so the company can do easy and safe minutess with the Bankss with really small mistakes because the security of online banking is really rigorous but quicker. ( Balthasar, 2010 ) Changing Nature of Consumer Behaviour The clients are the 1s who want to take control of accepting the service that are given by any fiscal establishment. This is because all the clients are smart and the get all the information about which bank or establishment is giving the best offers to the client through the promotion of media and other intelligence documents. Therefore the clients will merely be interested in those Bankss and establishments from which clients will acquire the best services and single demands and satisfaction. ( CMA Management, 2006 ) All the Bankss who want to go celebrated and achieve market leading so the Bankss have to concentrate on the client ‘s wants and demands. By concentrating on the client needs the Bankss should plan and make schemes which will assist the bank to command the clients. For farther hereafter success of the bank, the bank needs to take advanced attacks which will alter the concern design, work force direction and IT. ( Sunny Banerjea, 2009 ) The services clients look for largely is how secure is the security of their money, the demand of protagonism, and stabilization of the control of banking relationships. In this decennary for the promotion in invention and engineerings there are great Numberss of variegations in the concern. In this epoch the Bankss are the 1s who are prosecuting more into the investing, underwriting of securities, prosecuting in insurance concern and portfolio direction. For this the Bankss have to ever remain equipped and when the client looks in to Bankss side concern they start experiencing more safer and salvage tier money into the that bank. Data Management Since this is the epoch of engineering and latest invention the Bankss has to be updated continuously and all the informations should be stored carefully when shifted from one engineering to the other. All the informations should ever be incorporated right through sellers which allows the bank to maintain the right information and the informations related to the client, their histories, client balance, day-to-day dealing of many clients and the bank ‘s personal informations which are related to bank ‘s concern. Harmonizing to Wall Street Arrow Market Insights, 2009 claimed that the more sophisticated the data direction substructure is at that place the more hard it is for the bank to command them. Therefore the Bankss have to do certain that their system which manages that informations are non excessively sophisticated or excessively simple, it has to be a standard one. Economic Convulsion Due to the economic catastrophe the assurance of the bank was lost because the menaces the full bank faced because of the recession was still acquiring deeper instead than demoing any betterment. Some the Bankss were backed by the authoritiess but the others had to go forth the baking concern or sell the concern to some other party who had the power to salvage certain Bankss. The consequence of crisis is easy diminishing but the companies who survived are seeking their best to retrieve every bit fast as possible for which the Bankss are became more competitory and competition between Bankss has increased. There are monolithic competitions in the market and the company has to believe first analyse the market and the rivals so use a suited scheme. In this manner the Bankss that are in debt can acquire out off debt and earn net income. All the schemes that were discussed supra are really of import for the Bankss to follow so that the Bankss can come out of the job that was caused by the economic catastrophe. How to cite The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Business of Internationalization Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business of Internationalization Process. Answer: Introduction This essay will address the concept of business internationalization. Internationalization process is the initiates in an organization when it seeks to expand its venture outside its domestic boundaries. It is the process of designing of the products in such a fashion that it will meet the needs of the users in many countries or can easily be adapted to do so. Various reasons could be spot for an organization to internationalize their business. They can be like, diversification, economics of scale, government incentives, market growth, joint venture opportunities and saturated domestic market. There are a number of methods that can be adopted to expand the retail domestic organizational business into emerging markets. They are export based, non-equity based, and equity based methods. Export can again be divide into direct and indirect exporting. Similarly, non-equity based method is divided into licensing and franchising, and equity based method into joint ventures and green field in vestment. Different methods are opted by many organizations depending of various factors related to the market of expansion. They can be political, social, environmental, or technological. Using the pest analysis for studying the market situation, organization selects any particular internationalization method that is suitable for the particular market. A brief theoretical analysis of these methods along with the advantages and disadvantages are presented in the essay and highlight how it can maximize the chances of success and minimize the risk. The theories are then connected with the real world case scenarios to provide a better understanding of the concept and recommendation is added in the final part. Export mode of entry Exporting is one of the key and effective market entry modes available to the multinational organizations seeking to enter in a new country. It refers to the process of transporting the items or products to the host country from the home country with the help of the chosen mode of transportation (Cavusgil et al. 2014). In the initiation of the export mode of entry, business organizations do not have any physical presence in the host country, rather than they are only responsible in sending the products in the host market. However, export mode of entry can also be classified in two part based on their approach. One part represents the direct exporting and another is indirect exporting. Direct exporting Direct exporting refers to the process of exporting the products from the home to the host country directly by the organization. In this case, exporting organizations maintains a separate department to look after the export process (Gubik and Karajz 2014). In addition, in the case of the direct exporting, the particular organization has their own selling representatives in the host country. These representatives act as the face of the exporting organization in the host country. They are also responsible for the generation of revenue as well as volume of sales in the host country. Indirect exporting Indirect exporting is another type of export mode of entry. According to this strategy, the exporting organization does not take the sole responsibility of managing the export process by own. Rather than they involves various intermediaries such as exporting consultants, third party selling representatives and trade merchants. It helps the exporting organization in reducing the responsibility being associated with exporting of the products. Moreover, one of the key advantages being garnered from the indirect mode of exporting is the expertise being possessed by the third party intermediaries. This is due to the reason that, intermediaries is having more expertise and specialization compared to the exporting organization. The intermediaries have more market information and data than the exporting organization and thus it will be more beneficial and effective for the exporting organization to involve the intermediaries in exporting their products in the host country. Types of indirect exporters There are various types of indirect exporters such as export merchants, trading houses, trading companies and agents. Export merchants refer to traders who are involved in buying the goods from the exporting organization and sell it in their own in the host country. In this case, the key advantage for the exporting organization is the reduction of the responsibility and risk for them in exporting the products. Export houses buy products from different organization and export those according to the requirement of the host countries. In this case, the key advantage for the exporting organization is the reduction of the risk and less influence of the determining factors for the trend of export (Lehtinen, Ahokangas and Lu 2016). This is due to the reason that, export houses buys in bulk from the manufacturing organizations and stores them, which are being further exported in the host country according to the demand. Agents or brokers are quite similar of the selling agent for the exporting organization. However, the key differences between them and the selling agents is that, selling agents is the employee of the organization, whereas, agents or brokers performs theselling and marketing activities on the behalf of the exporting organization in exchange of commission. The key advantage with this intermediary is the less responsibility of the exporting organization due to the fact that they do not have to employ anyone permanently in the host country. Critical analysis There are various researches being done by various authors about the merits and demerits of exporting as an entry mode for the business organizations. According to Handley (2014), export mode of entry is the most effective and secured entry mode strategy for the organization seeking entry in the international business. This is due to the reason that, in the case of exporting the responsibility of the organizations are limited to the transportation of the items to the host country. Thus, they do not have to incur any risk regarding the political, social or legal risk in the host country. Moreover, according to the author, export mode of entry is the most cost effective strategy for the organizations. This is due to the reason that, no huge investment is required in the case of exporting and there is no need of setting up operational facilities in the host country for the organization. Some other authors have given the opinion about the deeper understanding of the exporting strategy. According to Seker (2012), exporting of the products in the developing countries holds extra benefits for the exporting organization. This is due to the reason that, in the current business scenario, developing countries are having the growth rate even more compared to some of the developed countries. Thus, the market potential is increasing and along with that, the business opportunity of the organizations is also increasing. In addition, the author also stated that, the products, which are being becoming obsolete in the developed countries, would have huge market potential in the developing countries. This is due to the reason that, developing countries are having the less access of the updated products compared to the developed countries. Thus, exporting of the goods, which are being obsolete in the home country for the organization, will find huge market in the developing countries . Dyner and Ryabova (2013) stated that there are various demerits for the export mode of entry. According to them, there are many uncertainties in relation of the exporting. This is due to the reason that, in the case of exporting, the organizations have to incur extra cost by the way of import and export tariffs. Thus, eventually the cost of the products is increased and lead to less market potential in the host market. In addition, they also stated that, in the case of the exporting, organizations do not have the physical presence in the host market. Thus, it will affect their market penetration activities. Non-equity based Method Non-equity based entry mode is the process that in where the organization directly involves it the market through two main ways. They are Licensing and Franchising. It enables the company to have a partial influence over the market. Licensing It is an agreement between the licensor and licensee where the licensor grants permission to sell the organizations product in the foreign country. The licensor on the other hand receives a loyalty fee from the licensee based on the mode of operation. In other words, a firm in one county grants permission to a company in another country to use the manufacturing, processing, trademark (Pietrasie?ski 2011). For example, suppose a videogame manufacturer in US wants to expand their business to Africa using the licensing method, they need to make an agreement with an African firm allowing them to use their product patent and giving other resources in return for a payment. The African firm can them manufacture and sell video game in Africa with the US companys brand name. For example, Lego bought the license of the Batman character and now producing and manufacturing under the brand name of Batman. This way, Batman has expanded their business in US market. Franchising This can be consider as a more sophisticated form of licensing where the franchisor has the greater authority and insists the franchisee to agree to abide by the strict rules as to how it does the business. Here the mother company has the right to make any decision and the franchisee has to obey the proposed decision (Forte and Carvalho 2013). Franchising strategy of McDonald is the best example for explaining where McDonald set rules for the franchisee in their operation. They have the complete control over the menu, staffing policies, design, and location of the restaurant and the cooking method. They also controls the supply chain in any given market. Critical analysis According to Grnig and Morschett (2012), analyses market entry modes over different industries and came to conclusion that the non-equity mode of entry is the second best entry mode possibly utilized by the organizations next to export. It is due to the risk factors in investing in a foreign unknown market. Licensing and franchising are both are potential entry method that minimizes the risk of entering a new market lowering the capital investment in the market. However, potential threats are observed as they loses their partial power of decision-making. It can sometimes, reduce the quality of the products and services offered under the companys brand name. Possible conflicts are inevitable in this type of entry method. Salar and Salar (2014) however, identified various advantages and disadvantages of using franchising as a mode of entry in an unknown culture. The advantages lies in he cost and risk factors. The risk factors that play important role in internationalization is considerable low than the equity mode of entry. The cost and the risk involved in this mode is minimal and near to none. This enables the company to invest in the foreign market. However, there ae some vital risk factors that plays significant role in franchising and licensing. The risk factors in both the cases are quite similar due to their similarities in nature. The company has less control in this process of entry in the international market. The power is vested in the hands of the franchisee to make necessary decision. Hence, there is possible risk in quality compromisation and brand image. Moreover, they cannot utilize the profit generated from one market to support the company in danger in other market. In addition to i t, a potential conflict always lies within due to the gap between the ideas and desires of both the franchisor and franchisee. According to Asarpota (2014), various issues will be present at all times with the use of franchising as an entry mode. They are similar to the statements of other researchers. However, the potential advantages that lies in front should also be address as they minimalizes the cost of operation in the foreign market. This Equity based Method Equity based method is nothing but the use of foreign direct investment by the firm for competing internationally in the modern global economy. The firms using this method secure greatest level of control over its proprietary information (Shieh and Wu 2012). There are many types of equity based methods, but the most common are joint ventures and green field investments. Joint Venture When a company enters in a foreign market making partnership with a local company and brings new product in the market, it is called joint venture. There can be two types of joint venture, which are specialized joint venture and shared value joint venture When the companies come together with their specific skills and combine them for creating something out of it, it is specialized joint venture. For example, Japanese electronics company Sony and Swedish telecommunication company Ericsson came together to create mobile phones. On the other hand, in shared vale venture, both the companies contribute to the same function. Example of Fuji-Xerox is best to explain this, where both the companies shared their knowledge of design, production and marketing. Greenfield Investment In this mode of entry, the company gets to keep the 100% ownership of stock and share. A company can start their business in a foreign country from the scratch. The cost and the risk factors are potentially high in this kind of internationalization. The company has to establish from factory build stores in the foreign market all by themselves (Meyer and Thaijongrak 2013). Toyota is seeking to apply Greenfield entry mode in the Mexican market. Critical analysis Various advantages and disadvantages are sited over the past few decades in equity entry mode of business organizations in alien culture. Tseng and Lee (2010) suggested that joint ventures are more preferable mode of internalization than the rest of the equity modes, It is primarily due to the risk factors and cost required in setting up a business in a foreign country. Joint venture reduces the possible risk factors while giving the company a level of influence over the strategies of the business. Shieh and Wu (2012) in their report shows that the FDI in Vietnam market shows a degree of advantages due to their FDI policies. The multinational companies from the middle Asia finds a fruitful advantage to expand their business in Vietnam because of their favourable political environment. The risk factors in this particular case is comparatively low to other sectors of the world. Similarities can be found in case of Rwanda where the foreign direct policy gives the investors a degree of liberation in their operation (Byigero, Clancy and Skutsch 2010). According to Rugmans (2010) analysis of electric theory of internationalization, FDI shows potential advantages in the international business on the grounds of ownership, location, and internalization. The company gets to retain their full authority in their business in the foreign settings. However, potential risk constantly lies in front for the uncertainty in expanding business in the foreign grounds. The cost and risk factors are considerably high in equity based entry mode where the chances of loss is far greater than any other mode of entry (Rugman 2010). Lpez-Duarte and Vidal-Surez (2010) identified the political and cultural complication in FDI. These dilemmas are capable of bring severe impact on the business organization. Recommendation and Conclusion Various political, socio-cultural economic and technological factors play significant role while selecting any mode of entry in specific market in developing country. Different social and political dilemmas significantly influence the foreign investment in the country. Hence, it should be identified prior of making selection of entry mode. For example, there are three factors that influence the selection of entry mode in the fashion retail market that are firm specific, country specific and market specific (Lu, Karpova and Fiore 2011). Hence, the companies should conduct thorough study to develop idea of the required entry mode for any specific market. The essay could be concluded with the statement, that export method is the best mode that can be used in the process of internationalization. The risk factors incorporated in this type is minimal. However, the companies need to look for FDI in order to sustain in he competitive market. Equity mode of entry favors FDI carries the highest possible risk in for a business with potential to deliver maximum profit. On the other hand, non-equity mode proposes low risk in business, but there is a potential threat of losing unique identity, as they have to share their technology with the licensee or the franchisee. Moreover, not every retail industry can incorporate every entry mode in every developing market. Entry mode is always selected based on several political, economical, socio-cultural factors and the type of retail industry. Example of eh MNC and fashion industry mentioned in the discussion shows that MNC requires a equity mode of entry as the political and socio-cultural effect is l ow, Whereas, the fashion industry needs enter the market with the franchising mode as the socio-cultural factor plays an important role in clothing. Moreover, the discussion reflects that both Vietnam and Rwanda has favorable FDI policies, which makes the industry to go for it to generate maximum profit. References Asarpota, J., 2014. 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