Did Volcanoes Kill the Dinosaurs

Sixty-five million years ago, give or take a few hundred thousand years, a meteor smashed into Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula, throwing up billowing clouds of ash and smoke that quickly spread, over the next few days and weeks, across the worlds atmosphere. Blotted out, the sun could no longer nourish the earths teeming ferns, forests, and flowers, and as these plants died, so did the animals that fed on them — first the herbivorous dinosaurs, and then the carnivorous dinosaurs whose populations these plant-eaters sustained. That, in a nutshell (or a meteor crater), is the story of the K/T Extinction Event. But some experts think this story is incomplete: it has a suitably thrilling climax, to be sure, but not enough attention has been paid to the events leading up to it. Specifically, evidence exists that the five million years leading up to the K/T Extinction witnessed a huge surge in volcanic activity — and that lung-choking, sun-blocking volcanic ash, every bit as much as meteor debris, may have weakened dinosaurs to such an extent that they were easy pickings for the Yucatan disaster. The Volcanoes of the Late Cretaceous Period Throughout its history, the earth has been geologically active — and during the late Cretaceous period, 70 million years ago, the most geologically active place on earth was northern India, near modern-day Mumbai. (This had nothing to do with the slow collision of India with the underside of Eurasia, which wouldnt occur for another ten million years, but stresses in  the fast-moving subcontinental plate were certainly involved.) Specifically, the volcanoes of the Deccan Traps spewed lava for tens of thousands of years on end; this lava eventually covered over 200,000 square miles of the subcontinent and reached a depth (in some locations) of over a mile! As you can imagine, the Deccan Traps were bad news for local Indian and Asian wildlife, as terrestrial and marine animals were literally cooked alive and then buried beneath millions of tons of solidifying lava. But the traps may also have had a disastrous effect on the worldwide ecology since volcanoes are notorious for releasing high levels of sulfur and carbon dioxide —  which would have both acidified the worlds oceans and caused a rapid spate of global warming, even despite all the accompanying dust thrown up into atmosphere. (Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning it tends reflects heat from the earth back onto the surface, rather than allowing it to dissipate into outer space.) Volcano Extinction vs. Meteor Extinction What makes the volcano scenario hard to prove or disprove, vis-a-vis the meteor impact theory of dinosaur extinction, is that it depends on much of the same evidence. One key piece of data adduced by supporters of the Yucatan meteor impact is the characteristic layer of iridium, an element common in asteroids, in sediments laid down at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Unfortunately, iridium is also found in the molten rock under the earths crust, which  can be  expelled by volcanoes! The same applies to shocked-quartz crystals, which can be caused by either meteor impacts or (at least according to some theories) intense volcanic eruptions. What about the dinosaurs themselves, and their persistence — or lack of it — in the fossil record? We know that dinosaurs roamed the earth right up until the K/T boundary, 65 million years ago, whereas the Deccan Traps became active 70 million years ago. Thats a very soft boundary extinction of five million years, while its clear that dinosaurs went extinct within a couple of hundred thousand years of the Yucatan meteor impact — a relatively hard boundary extinction by geological standards. (On the other hand, there is some evidence that dinosaurs were dwindling in diversity during the last few million years of the Cretaceous period, which may or may not be attributable to volcanic activity.) In the end, these two scenarios — death by volcano and death by meteor — are not inconsistent with one another. It may very well be the case that all terrestrial life on earth, including dinosaurs, was profoundly weakened by the Deccan Traps, and the Yucatan meteor delivered the proverbial coup de grace. In effect, a slow, painful extinction was followed by a fast, even more painful extinction (which brings to mind that old saying about how people go bankrupt: a little bit at a time, and then all at once.) Volcanoes May Not Have Killed the Dinosaurs - But They Made Dinosaurs Possible Ironically, we do know one instance in which volcanoes had a major impact on dinosaurs — but it happened at the end of the Triassic period, not the Cretaceous. A new study makes the solid case that the end-Triassic extinction event, which doomed more than half of all terrestrial animals, was caused by volcanic eruptions accompanying the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. It was only after the dust had cleared that the earliest dinosaurs — which evolved during the middle Triassic period--were free to fill the open ecological niches left by their doomed relatives, and assert their dominance during the ensuing Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

Alzheimer’s Disease The Importance of Public Awareness...

Imagine greeting your grandmother and being met with a blank stare. Think about how it would feel to watch as your father forgets how to drive or dress himself. Picture your own mother crying out for her long dead parents and siblings. Try to envision the look on a loved one’s face as you tell them that they can no longer live at home alone. Now put yourself in their place-- slowly losing your freedom, your memory, and your very identity. Welcome to the world of Alzheimer’s disease. This is the reality that nearly fifteen million caregivers and over five million patients must face every day. Public awareness must be raised about Alzheimer’s disease and the people it affects. Alzheimer’s disease was discovered in 1906 by German†¦show more content†¦Plaque deposits are clumps of protein and dead cells in the grey matter as well as along blood vessels within the brain. Intracellular flaws have been found in nerve cells of Alzheimer’s patients , such as mutations in the cell structures that make them unable to change genetic information into proteins, a step that is necessary for memories to be stored. A major factor appears to be chemical imbalances caused by lack of enzymes needed to make chemicals for transmitting information from one cell to another. It is unknown how these defects are interrelated, and more study needs to be done to determine the connections and causes. If Alzheimer’s disease was given more attention in the public eye, that would stimulate more medical research to determine how the disease works and maybe even point to prevention or a cure. As these abnormalities begin to occur in the brain, the first outward symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is mild memory loss. This occurs gradually over a period of time, and often remains ignored until it begins to interfere with the person’s work or social life. It is often difficult for patients and family to acknowledge a slowly worsening mem ory. Forgetting small things like names and appointments is attributed to the aging process, as are mental declines such as the loss of quick mental calculation. Elderly people who are suspected to have Alzheimer’s disease are more likely toShow MoreRelatedThe Awareness of Alzheimer’s Disease and the Effect it has on Alzheimer Research1718 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimer Disease is a disease in which the brain degenerates. Many people throughout the whole entire world are affected by this disease. The brain degenerates, and people begin to have trouble remembering things. The brain degeneration progresses over the duration of the disease until the diagnosed individual cannot function without help. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia, and about 60 to 80 percent of all Dementia cases are Alzheimer’s disease. In compliance with this statisticRead MoreHealthy People 2020 : A National Public Health Program1453 Words   |  6 PagesHealthy People 2020 Healthy People 2020 is a national public health program that aims to increase population health through achieving a series of goals and objectives. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), set the premise for public health priorities in 1979. Healthy People 2020 has an overarching goal to increase the longevity and quality of live through disease prevention, elimination of health disparities, establishingRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Depression And Diseaseing1153 Words   |  5 Pagesfunction†(Church, Miller, Freestone, Chiu, Osgood, Machan, J. T., Silverberg, 2014 p.530).Scientists have found the most productive way to prevent these plaques is to maintain a healthy diet. If the public understands that there are ways to either postpone or eliminate symptoms of this neurocognitive disease, it gives them a more positive outlook on aging. Depression is a common symptom of aging, according to The Reci procal Relationship Between Depression and Physical Morbidity (2017), if one perceivesRead MoreThe Benefits Of The Prevention And Public Health Fund1710 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Health The Prevention and Public Health Fund was formed to improve health care quality and improve the investment in public health by the Affordable Care Act. Funding is distributed to many great Agencies to support research and programs to improve health care in our communities. A few agencies receiving funding that caught my eye were the Alzheimer’s disease Prevention Education and Outreach, Fall Prevention, and Hospitals Promoting Breastfeeding. Taking a deeper look at these programsRead MoreThe Effects Of Dementia On The Incidence And Prevalence1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe impact of dementia is a mounting global health problem and through worldwide education the incidence and prevalence can be diminished. Global education is critical with the projected dementia incidence, the lack awareness and understanding of dementia, no dementia cure and the associated stigma. These factors combined have a major impact on the person with dementia and society. No solo country, sector or org anisation can encounter this global health problem by themselves. Worldwide dementiaRead MoreEssay On Pluripotent Cells1143 Words   |  5 Pagespluripotent cells, allow researchers to conduct drug testing in a wide range of cell types. Thus, improving outcomes for patients with many neurological diseases. The loss of neurons and glial cells cause neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Current major therapies focus on oral medications, in the case of Parkinson’s disease, L-dopa, and dopamine receptor agonists, in addition to deep-brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus. Furthermore, the use of a VNS deviceRead MoreThe Impact Of Dementia On The Health Problem With Worldwide Education1236 Words   |  5 Pagesprevention, increasing awareness and understanding of dementia and reducing stigma is vital to meet this 21st century health problem. The above factors combined have a major impact on the indivvual with dementia and society. No solo country, sector or organisation can encounter this glo bal health problem by themselves. Worldwide dementia numbers will grow significantly over the next forty years and create the necessity for improved dementia education. There is no other disease where numbers are growingRead MoreEssay about Barriers to Health 1241 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore the effects of their educational-behavioral program pilot study, respectively, the COPE (Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment) program. Both the group’s program and the study’s suggestions, offered an educational and health awareness component in respect to common stress related areas of caregivers’ health and essentially coping mechanisms. As described by Melnyk et al. (2001), â€Å"such interventions have been shown to decrease parental and child anxiety, increase compliance withRead MoreLiterature Review Reflection1032 Words   |  5 Pagesactivity impacts various health related issues in aging. Since I am a public health minor, I have learned about the importance of prevention rather than cure. The main fundamentals of prevention in the healthcare system is to be proactive, taking action before symptoms manifest. Not only does it benefit the individual but also the population as a whole. Rather than waiting for the illness to arrived, we have already intercepted the disease before it get worse. From a financial point of view, it is cost-effectiveRead MoreSports And Its Effects On Sports1 397 Words   |  6 Pages3Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. Accessed April 11, 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/basics.html. 4Head Case - Complete Concussion Managements. Stats on Concussions Sports -. Accessed April 11, 2016. http://www.headcasecompany.com/concussion_info/stats_on_concussions_sports. 5Wandling, Michael W., and Oscar D. Guillamondegui. 2015. Eliminating the confusion surrounding concussions in sports. Jama 314 (13): 1388. CTE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with Alzheimer’s-like

The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay Free Essays

string(52) " to vie is to concentrate on the value watercourse\." With the aid of company ‘s resources and the full capablenesss a company can make these distinction scheme and cost scheme for accomplishing the competitory advantage. It is of import for the house to make up one’s mind on choosing a peculiar scheme that should the house focal point on distinguishing the merchandise or should the house attempt to follow the cost scheme, it wholly depends on the company and the type of company it is. Achieving both the cost and distinction advantage helps the company to accomplish positional advantage which mean that the company is a leader in its ‘ industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now    R? µsourc? µs D-st-nct-v? µ Comp? µt? µnc-? µs Cost dv A ; deg ; nt A ; deg ; g? µ or D-ff? µr? µnt- A ; deg ; t-on dv A ; deg ; nt A ; deg ; g? µ V A ; deg ; lu? µ Cr? µ A ; deg ; t-on C A ; deg ; p A ; deg ; b-l-t-? µs       Forming the market scheme When explicating the existent selling scheme the company really formulates its scheme in many different ways but the astonishing portion is that all of the ways includes dimension. The degree at which the investing should be included or turn a concern Focus on the merchandise or better the service market where the company has to vie Improvement of the merchandise line, positioning the merchandise, or concentrating on the pricing determination or execution of the distribution schemes which are needed to accomplish competitory advantage. Skills needed or the assets to implement the scheme and accomplish competitory advantage. The company where situated, in the long term to be a leader in the market the best manner to accomplish leading is by making the nucleus competences. The betterments in engineerings are doing the domestic trade and the international trade more competitory. Harmonizing to Kotlar, 2004 a company can outdo set up a scheme by understanding globalization and analyze it to explicate schemes. All the factors such as globalization and engineerings are all interconnected. It is because of engineering that there are huge sum of communicating taking topographic point which helps companies to happen other companies where they can make concern. In these ways competition around the universe is increasing and therefore the companies need to explicate schemes which will impact the company in positive and assist the company to be a leader in their industry. Economicss of graduated table Achieving economic sciences of graduated table is really of import for a company because it is related to the cost that is needed to bring forth a peculiar merchandise or services. There are two types of schemes that a company can implement and which can be allowed by lone economic sciences of graduated table. These two schemes are low cost scheme and market pricing scheme. In the low cost scheme the company reduces the merchandise or services doing cost which helps them ear more net income by giving the merchandise to the client at a lower cost for which the company enjoys the economic sciences of graduated table which leads them to accomplish competitory advantage. In the low cost scheme all the company have to make is to maintain the fixed cost of the merchandise or services unchanged and cut down the variable cost which is possible for the administration if they have adequate assets and good direction to command the cost of their services. The other scheme for the company through economic sciences of graduated table would be to maintain the monetary value which is set by the market but cut down the cost of bring forthing the services for which the company will hold cut down the variable cost. After cut downing the variable cost the company the company can bear down the merchandise at the market monetary value but gaining more net income than the other companies. This is why economic sciences of graduated table is needed for a company to accomplish. Value concatenation To make more offers for the consumers a company besides needs to concentrate on the value concatenation which will intern offer clients more expeditiously and assist to company to use the cost more efficaciously. This will ensue for the company to supply services in much more inexpensive manner or at a lower cost which will distinguish the merchandise from that of the rivals. Harmonizing to Rajnandan ( 2007 ) claims that concentrating on the value concatenation does non intend merely seeking it or merely to add value ; it besides means adding values such as betterment of the substructure of the company, engineerings and other critical functions which helps the company to accomplish the competitory advantage. When a company needs to make up one’s mind on outsourcing so value concatenation is needed. . ( Porter, 1999 ) Harmonizing to Lancaster, 2002, it is necessary for a company to concentrate on the rival ‘s scheme, how the other companies in the same industry are carry oning or implementing their scheme. This allows the company to roll up information which will take to pass on the competitory variables. All the variables may include how the other company works in footings of viing with their challengers and it will assist the company who is conveying the study will hold the cognition of how the other company is working. After holding the information on the other company, the company can analyze and implement a much more different scheme which will assist them to accomplish competitory advantage via communicating effectivity. Both the upstream and the downstream providers are connected to the value concatenation which consequences in an addition in the value concatenation and it is known as value system. Concentrating on value system is really of import and a company should non merely concentrate on the value concatenation which will do company accomplish more competitory advantage. This is necessary because for the consequence of globalization and the promotion in the engineerings, deregulating led to the addition in competition. In this consequence the administration had to cut cost but first of all the best manner to vie is to concentrate on the value watercourse. You read "The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay" in category "Essay examples" ( Kiichiro Fukasaku, 2007 ) Focus on the market For the administrations that are wholly marketing oriented, who can be merchandise or service based or net income or non net income based has to concentrate on the client satisfaction and fulfill their demands and wants. Harmonizing to Lancaster, 2002 the chief key to concentrate and accomplish the administration end expeditiously and efficaciously in the instance of the selling concept the best manner is by wholly being client oriented, being focused on the profitableness and besides co-ordinate selling. To convey this market scheme it is of import for the company to implement a market research through which the company will acquire to cognize the best manner to be competitory and increase net income. Market research is simple an analysis of the entire market of a peculiar industry where there are model-building and facts which will assist the company to do peculiar determination which will intern assist the company to accomplish administration ends efficaciously ( Kotler, 1999 ) . To back up the schemes that are implemented by the companies, the scheme capablenesss are needed. To prolong the competitory advantage the strategic capablenesss are besides needed, some of the links that are needed as a tool and patterns of accomplishing competitory scheme are given below. ( Susman, 1992 ) Figure: The nexus between design tools and patterns and competitory scheme The company needs to larn both its ‘ external and internal environment and this is the manner how the company will hold the ability to entree and capture the information. All this processes can be easy simplified which may be merely done minimising the complexness of information while roll uping and treating them. Through this the company will be able to larn the purchasing behavior of the seller and the client and how the clients behave while buying a peculiar merchandise or services. Both the clients and the sellers get full satisfaction after implementing the study and entree the information, because now the client will be provided with better services and merchandises and at the same the the seller will able to gain more net incomes. ( Lancaster, 2002 ) Awareness KNOWLEDGE Liking Preference Conviction Purchase Figure: The Innovation/Adoption theoretical account ( Lancaster 2002 ) The schemes which are implemented by the companies can be looked at as wide visions which may dwell of consistent constellation of activities are taken by the competitory advantage. The model of competitory advantage may assist the company to supply with some of the tools that may be used to ticket and look at the drivers of the cost and the place of the cost that the company is in. The model besides helps the company to acquire the strategically section the market in an industry. ( Porter, 1998 ) E-Trading These yearss about everyone in the developed and the developing states trusts and have full entree to computing machines for which E-Trading has increased. It is non merely making concern with the clients merely but it besides involves making concern with the other concern. It may be making concern with the providers or making concern with the direct Sellerss or the retail mercantile establishment via cyberspace. This occurred because of the engineering promotion, globalization and the huge usage of cyberspace. The tendency is ever of latest manner when the company have to travel with the tendencies and the latest manner for the company to cover with certain alterations so the company must non keep back. For a company the best option would be to follow up the tendency and convey in alterations for which the companies have to put in all the recent engineerings and develop the company ‘s proficient substructure. This will let the company to cover with the client online and do con cern online and there are many advantages when companies get involved in E trading. It is said that E trading is the fastest and the quickest manner to buy goods from the providers and sell the goods to the clients. These twenty-four hours all the established Bankss have the option for doing dealing through cyberspace hence if a company have Tocopherol trading option so the company can do easy and safe minutess with the Bankss with really small mistakes because the security of online banking is really rigorous but quicker. ( Balthasar, 2010 ) Changing Nature of Consumer Behaviour The clients are the 1s who want to take control of accepting the service that are given by any fiscal establishment. This is because all the clients are smart and the get all the information about which bank or establishment is giving the best offers to the client through the promotion of media and other intelligence documents. Therefore the clients will merely be interested in those Bankss and establishments from which clients will acquire the best services and single demands and satisfaction. ( CMA Management, 2006 ) All the Bankss who want to go celebrated and achieve market leading so the Bankss have to concentrate on the client ‘s wants and demands. By concentrating on the client needs the Bankss should plan and make schemes which will assist the bank to command the clients. For farther hereafter success of the bank, the bank needs to take advanced attacks which will alter the concern design, work force direction and IT. ( Sunny Banerjea, 2009 ) The services clients look for largely is how secure is the security of their money, the demand of protagonism, and stabilization of the control of banking relationships. In this decennary for the promotion in invention and engineerings there are great Numberss of variegations in the concern. In this epoch the Bankss are the 1s who are prosecuting more into the investing, underwriting of securities, prosecuting in insurance concern and portfolio direction. For this the Bankss have to ever remain equipped and when the client looks in to Bankss side concern they start experiencing more safer and salvage tier money into the that bank. Data Management Since this is the epoch of engineering and latest invention the Bankss has to be updated continuously and all the informations should be stored carefully when shifted from one engineering to the other. All the informations should ever be incorporated right through sellers which allows the bank to maintain the right information and the informations related to the client, their histories, client balance, day-to-day dealing of many clients and the bank ‘s personal informations which are related to bank ‘s concern. Harmonizing to Wall Street Arrow Market Insights, 2009 claimed that the more sophisticated the data direction substructure is at that place the more hard it is for the bank to command them. Therefore the Bankss have to do certain that their system which manages that informations are non excessively sophisticated or excessively simple, it has to be a standard one. Economic Convulsion Due to the economic catastrophe the assurance of the bank was lost because the menaces the full bank faced because of the recession was still acquiring deeper instead than demoing any betterment. Some the Bankss were backed by the authoritiess but the others had to go forth the baking concern or sell the concern to some other party who had the power to salvage certain Bankss. The consequence of crisis is easy diminishing but the companies who survived are seeking their best to retrieve every bit fast as possible for which the Bankss are became more competitory and competition between Bankss has increased. There are monolithic competitions in the market and the company has to believe first analyse the market and the rivals so use a suited scheme. In this manner the Bankss that are in debt can acquire out off debt and earn net income. All the schemes that were discussed supra are really of import for the Bankss to follow so that the Bankss can come out of the job that was caused by the economic catastrophe. How to cite The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Business of Internationalization Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business of Internationalization Process. Answer: Introduction This essay will address the concept of business internationalization. Internationalization process is the initiates in an organization when it seeks to expand its venture outside its domestic boundaries. It is the process of designing of the products in such a fashion that it will meet the needs of the users in many countries or can easily be adapted to do so. Various reasons could be spot for an organization to internationalize their business. They can be like, diversification, economics of scale, government incentives, market growth, joint venture opportunities and saturated domestic market. There are a number of methods that can be adopted to expand the retail domestic organizational business into emerging markets. They are export based, non-equity based, and equity based methods. Export can again be divide into direct and indirect exporting. Similarly, non-equity based method is divided into licensing and franchising, and equity based method into joint ventures and green field in vestment. Different methods are opted by many organizations depending of various factors related to the market of expansion. They can be political, social, environmental, or technological. Using the pest analysis for studying the market situation, organization selects any particular internationalization method that is suitable for the particular market. A brief theoretical analysis of these methods along with the advantages and disadvantages are presented in the essay and highlight how it can maximize the chances of success and minimize the risk. The theories are then connected with the real world case scenarios to provide a better understanding of the concept and recommendation is added in the final part. Export mode of entry Exporting is one of the key and effective market entry modes available to the multinational organizations seeking to enter in a new country. It refers to the process of transporting the items or products to the host country from the home country with the help of the chosen mode of transportation (Cavusgil et al. 2014). In the initiation of the export mode of entry, business organizations do not have any physical presence in the host country, rather than they are only responsible in sending the products in the host market. However, export mode of entry can also be classified in two part based on their approach. One part represents the direct exporting and another is indirect exporting. Direct exporting Direct exporting refers to the process of exporting the products from the home to the host country directly by the organization. In this case, exporting organizations maintains a separate department to look after the export process (Gubik and Karajz 2014). In addition, in the case of the direct exporting, the particular organization has their own selling representatives in the host country. These representatives act as the face of the exporting organization in the host country. They are also responsible for the generation of revenue as well as volume of sales in the host country. Indirect exporting Indirect exporting is another type of export mode of entry. According to this strategy, the exporting organization does not take the sole responsibility of managing the export process by own. Rather than they involves various intermediaries such as exporting consultants, third party selling representatives and trade merchants. It helps the exporting organization in reducing the responsibility being associated with exporting of the products. Moreover, one of the key advantages being garnered from the indirect mode of exporting is the expertise being possessed by the third party intermediaries. This is due to the reason that, intermediaries is having more expertise and specialization compared to the exporting organization. The intermediaries have more market information and data than the exporting organization and thus it will be more beneficial and effective for the exporting organization to involve the intermediaries in exporting their products in the host country. Types of indirect exporters There are various types of indirect exporters such as export merchants, trading houses, trading companies and agents. Export merchants refer to traders who are involved in buying the goods from the exporting organization and sell it in their own in the host country. In this case, the key advantage for the exporting organization is the reduction of the responsibility and risk for them in exporting the products. Export houses buy products from different organization and export those according to the requirement of the host countries. In this case, the key advantage for the exporting organization is the reduction of the risk and less influence of the determining factors for the trend of export (Lehtinen, Ahokangas and Lu 2016). This is due to the reason that, export houses buys in bulk from the manufacturing organizations and stores them, which are being further exported in the host country according to the demand. Agents or brokers are quite similar of the selling agent for the exporting organization. However, the key differences between them and the selling agents is that, selling agents is the employee of the organization, whereas, agents or brokers performs theselling and marketing activities on the behalf of the exporting organization in exchange of commission. The key advantage with this intermediary is the less responsibility of the exporting organization due to the fact that they do not have to employ anyone permanently in the host country. Critical analysis There are various researches being done by various authors about the merits and demerits of exporting as an entry mode for the business organizations. According to Handley (2014), export mode of entry is the most effective and secured entry mode strategy for the organization seeking entry in the international business. This is due to the reason that, in the case of exporting the responsibility of the organizations are limited to the transportation of the items to the host country. Thus, they do not have to incur any risk regarding the political, social or legal risk in the host country. Moreover, according to the author, export mode of entry is the most cost effective strategy for the organizations. This is due to the reason that, no huge investment is required in the case of exporting and there is no need of setting up operational facilities in the host country for the organization. Some other authors have given the opinion about the deeper understanding of the exporting strategy. According to Seker (2012), exporting of the products in the developing countries holds extra benefits for the exporting organization. This is due to the reason that, in the current business scenario, developing countries are having the growth rate even more compared to some of the developed countries. Thus, the market potential is increasing and along with that, the business opportunity of the organizations is also increasing. In addition, the author also stated that, the products, which are being becoming obsolete in the developed countries, would have huge market potential in the developing countries. This is due to the reason that, developing countries are having the less access of the updated products compared to the developed countries. Thus, exporting of the goods, which are being obsolete in the home country for the organization, will find huge market in the developing countries . Dyner and Ryabova (2013) stated that there are various demerits for the export mode of entry. According to them, there are many uncertainties in relation of the exporting. This is due to the reason that, in the case of exporting, the organizations have to incur extra cost by the way of import and export tariffs. Thus, eventually the cost of the products is increased and lead to less market potential in the host market. In addition, they also stated that, in the case of the exporting, organizations do not have the physical presence in the host market. Thus, it will affect their market penetration activities. Non-equity based Method Non-equity based entry mode is the process that in where the organization directly involves it the market through two main ways. They are Licensing and Franchising. It enables the company to have a partial influence over the market. Licensing It is an agreement between the licensor and licensee where the licensor grants permission to sell the organizations product in the foreign country. The licensor on the other hand receives a loyalty fee from the licensee based on the mode of operation. In other words, a firm in one county grants permission to a company in another country to use the manufacturing, processing, trademark (Pietrasie?ski 2011). For example, suppose a videogame manufacturer in US wants to expand their business to Africa using the licensing method, they need to make an agreement with an African firm allowing them to use their product patent and giving other resources in return for a payment. The African firm can them manufacture and sell video game in Africa with the US companys brand name. For example, Lego bought the license of the Batman character and now producing and manufacturing under the brand name of Batman. This way, Batman has expanded their business in US market. Franchising This can be consider as a more sophisticated form of licensing where the franchisor has the greater authority and insists the franchisee to agree to abide by the strict rules as to how it does the business. Here the mother company has the right to make any decision and the franchisee has to obey the proposed decision (Forte and Carvalho 2013). Franchising strategy of McDonald is the best example for explaining where McDonald set rules for the franchisee in their operation. They have the complete control over the menu, staffing policies, design, and location of the restaurant and the cooking method. They also controls the supply chain in any given market. Critical analysis According to Grnig and Morschett (2012), analyses market entry modes over different industries and came to conclusion that the non-equity mode of entry is the second best entry mode possibly utilized by the organizations next to export. It is due to the risk factors in investing in a foreign unknown market. Licensing and franchising are both are potential entry method that minimizes the risk of entering a new market lowering the capital investment in the market. However, potential threats are observed as they loses their partial power of decision-making. It can sometimes, reduce the quality of the products and services offered under the companys brand name. Possible conflicts are inevitable in this type of entry method. Salar and Salar (2014) however, identified various advantages and disadvantages of using franchising as a mode of entry in an unknown culture. The advantages lies in he cost and risk factors. The risk factors that play important role in internationalization is considerable low than the equity mode of entry. The cost and the risk involved in this mode is minimal and near to none. This enables the company to invest in the foreign market. However, there ae some vital risk factors that plays significant role in franchising and licensing. The risk factors in both the cases are quite similar due to their similarities in nature. The company has less control in this process of entry in the international market. The power is vested in the hands of the franchisee to make necessary decision. Hence, there is possible risk in quality compromisation and brand image. Moreover, they cannot utilize the profit generated from one market to support the company in danger in other market. In addition to i t, a potential conflict always lies within due to the gap between the ideas and desires of both the franchisor and franchisee. According to Asarpota (2014), various issues will be present at all times with the use of franchising as an entry mode. They are similar to the statements of other researchers. However, the potential advantages that lies in front should also be address as they minimalizes the cost of operation in the foreign market. This Equity based Method Equity based method is nothing but the use of foreign direct investment by the firm for competing internationally in the modern global economy. The firms using this method secure greatest level of control over its proprietary information (Shieh and Wu 2012). There are many types of equity based methods, but the most common are joint ventures and green field investments. Joint Venture When a company enters in a foreign market making partnership with a local company and brings new product in the market, it is called joint venture. There can be two types of joint venture, which are specialized joint venture and shared value joint venture When the companies come together with their specific skills and combine them for creating something out of it, it is specialized joint venture. For example, Japanese electronics company Sony and Swedish telecommunication company Ericsson came together to create mobile phones. On the other hand, in shared vale venture, both the companies contribute to the same function. Example of Fuji-Xerox is best to explain this, where both the companies shared their knowledge of design, production and marketing. Greenfield Investment In this mode of entry, the company gets to keep the 100% ownership of stock and share. A company can start their business in a foreign country from the scratch. The cost and the risk factors are potentially high in this kind of internationalization. The company has to establish from factory build stores in the foreign market all by themselves (Meyer and Thaijongrak 2013). Toyota is seeking to apply Greenfield entry mode in the Mexican market. Critical analysis Various advantages and disadvantages are sited over the past few decades in equity entry mode of business organizations in alien culture. Tseng and Lee (2010) suggested that joint ventures are more preferable mode of internalization than the rest of the equity modes, It is primarily due to the risk factors and cost required in setting up a business in a foreign country. Joint venture reduces the possible risk factors while giving the company a level of influence over the strategies of the business. Shieh and Wu (2012) in their report shows that the FDI in Vietnam market shows a degree of advantages due to their FDI policies. The multinational companies from the middle Asia finds a fruitful advantage to expand their business in Vietnam because of their favourable political environment. The risk factors in this particular case is comparatively low to other sectors of the world. Similarities can be found in case of Rwanda where the foreign direct policy gives the investors a degree of liberation in their operation (Byigero, Clancy and Skutsch 2010). According to Rugmans (2010) analysis of electric theory of internationalization, FDI shows potential advantages in the international business on the grounds of ownership, location, and internalization. The company gets to retain their full authority in their business in the foreign settings. However, potential risk constantly lies in front for the uncertainty in expanding business in the foreign grounds. The cost and risk factors are considerably high in equity based entry mode where the chances of loss is far greater than any other mode of entry (Rugman 2010). Lpez-Duarte and Vidal-Surez (2010) identified the political and cultural complication in FDI. These dilemmas are capable of bring severe impact on the business organization. Recommendation and Conclusion Various political, socio-cultural economic and technological factors play significant role while selecting any mode of entry in specific market in developing country. Different social and political dilemmas significantly influence the foreign investment in the country. Hence, it should be identified prior of making selection of entry mode. For example, there are three factors that influence the selection of entry mode in the fashion retail market that are firm specific, country specific and market specific (Lu, Karpova and Fiore 2011). Hence, the companies should conduct thorough study to develop idea of the required entry mode for any specific market. The essay could be concluded with the statement, that export method is the best mode that can be used in the process of internationalization. The risk factors incorporated in this type is minimal. However, the companies need to look for FDI in order to sustain in he competitive market. Equity mode of entry favors FDI carries the highest possible risk in for a business with potential to deliver maximum profit. On the other hand, non-equity mode proposes low risk in business, but there is a potential threat of losing unique identity, as they have to share their technology with the licensee or the franchisee. Moreover, not every retail industry can incorporate every entry mode in every developing market. Entry mode is always selected based on several political, economical, socio-cultural factors and the type of retail industry. Example of eh MNC and fashion industry mentioned in the discussion shows that MNC requires a equity mode of entry as the political and socio-cultural effect is l ow, Whereas, the fashion industry needs enter the market with the franchising mode as the socio-cultural factor plays an important role in clothing. Moreover, the discussion reflects that both Vietnam and Rwanda has favorable FDI policies, which makes the industry to go for it to generate maximum profit. References Asarpota, J., 2014. Global franchising operational issues.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,130, pp.193-203. Byigero, A.D., Clancy, J. and Skutsch, M., 2010. CDM in sub-Saharan Africa and the prospects of the Nairobi Framework Initiative.Climate Policy,10(2), pp.181-189. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Dyner, A.M. and Ryabova, N., 2013. Belarus in the CES: Advantages and Disadvantages of Economic Integration. Forte, R. and Carvalho, J., 2013. Internationalisation through franchising: the Parfois case study.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,41(5), pp.380-395. Grnig, R. and Morschett, D., 2012. Evaluating market entry modes. InDeveloping International Strategies(pp. 123-148). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Gubik, A.S. and Karajz, S., 2014. The Choice of Foreign Market Entry Modes: The Role of Resources and Industrial Driving Forces.Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review,2(1), pp.49-63. Handley, K., 2014. Exporting under trade policy uncertainty: Theory and evidence.Journal of International Economics,94(1), pp.50-66. Leon-Darder, F., Villar-Garca, C. and Pla-Barber, J., 2011. Entry mode choice in the internationalisation of the hotel industry: a holistic approach.The Service Industries Journal,31(1), pp.107-122. Lehtinen, U., Ahokangas, P. and Lu, J., 2016. The role of intermediaries in food export: case evidence from Finland.British Food Journal,118(5), pp.1179-1194. Lpez-Duarte, C. and Vidal-Surez, M.M., 2010. External uncertainty and entry mode choice: Cultural distance, political risk and language diversity.International Business Review,19(6), pp.575-588. Lu, Y., Karpova, E.E. and Fiore, A.M., 2011. Factors influencing international fashion retailers' entry mode choice.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal,15(1), pp.58-75. Meyer, K.E. and Thaijongrak, O., 2013. The dynamics of emerging economy MNEs: How the internationalization process model can guide future research.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,30(4), pp.1125-1153. Pietrasie?ski, P., 2011. The evolutionary character of supporting the internationalisation processes: recommended system solutions.Polish Journal of Management Studies,4, pp.193-199. Rugman, A.M., 2010. Reconciling internalization theory and the eclectic paradigm.Multinational Business Review,18(2), pp.1-12. Salar, M. and Salar, O., 2014. Determining pros and cons of franchising by using SWOT analysis.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,122, pp.515-519. ?eker, M., 2012. Importing, exporting, and innovation in developing countries.Review of International Economics,20(2), pp.299-314. Shieh, B.L. and Wu, T.C., 2012. Equity-based entry modes of the Greater Chinese Economic Area's foreign direct investments in Vietnam.International Business Review,21(3), pp.508-517. Tseng, C.H. and Lee, R.P., 2010. Host environmental uncertainty and equity-based entry mode dilemma: The role of market linking capability.International Business Review,19(4), pp.407-418.

Features of Quantitative Research Essay Example

Features of Quantitative Research Essay Quantitative research tends to be numerical or categorical. This type of research aims to make predictions, establish facts and test hypothesis that have already been stated, that is, aims to find evidence which supports or does not support on existing hypothesis. Quantitative research normally involves large numbers of respondents, typically a hundred or more, and obtains results that are representative of the total population. Therefore, it is a form of research method that is considerably appropriate for generalization of descriptions. There are several main types of approaches to quantitative research (show as following) and these techniques are widely used in many substantive fields to study and explain individual differences and patterns of relationships among variables. Correlational research aims to find out whether there is a relationship between two or more variables (Gay Airasian, 1999). In any case, if a relationship is found, then its degree is identified by a number between -1. 00 and +1. 00 and this number is known as a correlation coefficient. For instance, when one variable increases and the other also increases, then the correlation in this case would be positive. On the other hand, if a correlation is negative, that means, when one variable decreases, the other also decreases. Survey research targets to answer questions about current status of the subject of study. This usually involves studying attitudes, practices or concerns of certain group of people. (Gay Airasion, 1999).   Causal-comparative research aims to find a cause-effect relationship between two or more different programs, methods, or groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Features of Quantitative Research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Features of Quantitative Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Features of Quantitative Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An example of this would be to find out if children watch violence programs on TV causes aggressive behaviours. The main advantage of quantitative research is the results are statistically reliable and the results are able to be projected to the population. It has high reliability as different researchers, using the same measurement system are likely to come up at the same measurement for same subjects This method is appropriate for measuring both attitudes and behaviours and therefore quantitative research method is one of the traditional research method that many psychologists used in their approach to research design. Differences in features in another basic type of research approach When talking about the features of quantitative research, people often mention another basic research method qualitative research as a comparison. In qualitative research, it involves emhasising meanings, experiences, descriptions and etc (Coolican, 1990). And it uses mainly non-numerical data such as observations and interviews, that is, it does not use numbers in its analysis. Data is usually in the form of words that have been recorded to represent observations. Also in contrast to quantitative research, qualitative research often requires small number of respondent. The reason of why mentioned the features of qualitative research method is because this would add up to the disadvantages of quantitative research method to explain why I think many psychologist has become dissatisfied with the more traditional quantitative approach to research design, despite it is the most common type of approach in many psychological research. Disadvantages of quantitative research As one of the reasons for using quantitative research is to find out whether a group of people shares certain characteristic in common, the disadvantage of this method is that the resulting theory usually unable to take account of the unique characteristics of individual cases. Another characteristic of results which generated from quantitative research is they tend to be very simple in comparison to qualitative research, which is generally rich in information with detailed descriptions such as interview transcripts, personal comments and audio recordings, the results obtained from quantitative research are generally reduced to a few numerical statistics and summarised in a few short statements. In this sense, depth of understanding in qualitative research is therefore considerably superficial. According to McCullough (1995), the primary disadvantages of quantitative research is that issues are only measurement if they are known prior to the beginning of the survey (and therefore, have been incorporated into the questionnaire) and quantitative research requires the advance formulation of specific hypothesis by Huysamen (1997). With this characteristic in place, quantitative research is therefore only appropriate when the issues to be tested are known. This research method would not be appropriate to use in situations such as an initial leaning phase or as a method to explore new ideas. One disadvantage of quantitative research is that its study can be unreliatble since this type of study is relied on statistical method of analyzing data, unless use large enough samples of respondents, otherwise it might not be able to provide accurate or meaningful results. Some psychologists criticized that quantitative research usually takes place in artificial settings. And the way researchers create an artificial settings such as in laboratory in quantitative research is due to the attempt to control the variables in their studies. That is the reason of why some psychologists doubted whether the results obtained in these unnatural settings can apply in the real world. Thus, again, results from this research method can possibly be unreliable. Summary Quantitative research is criticized for its low validity as it is unable to take account of the unique characteristic of individual cases and therefore results are generalized, narrow and lack of detailed information. Also, as the settings of this type of research are often artificial, information or data obtained from these type of studies are likely unrealistic. For these reasons, many psychologist has become dissatisfied with this traditional research approach in research design. Reference Coolican, Hugh (1990), Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. Hodder Sloughton. Gay, L. R. , Airasian, Peter. (1999). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application, Sixth Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill. Huysamen, G. K. (1997, March). Parallels Between Qualitative Research and Sequentially Performed Quantitative Research. South African Journal of Psychology, 27, 1-8.

Totalitarianism Essays - Forms Of Government, Political Philosophy

Totalitarianism Essays - Forms Of Government, Political Philosophy Totalitarianism According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the definition of totalitarianism is a form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of the individual's life to the authority of the government (britannica.com/). Totalitarian governments are often believed to be a solution to political or economic problems in a country. Despite the brutality and lack of freedom, at its beginning, a totalitarian government often receives overwhelming support for its ideas and goals. History has proven that such governments have had a tremendous negative impact on their people and traditions. Totalitarian governments often emerge from developing countries that are trying to build their economy. They are also considered to be a solution for countries that have recently been through a social, economic or political downfall. At the beginning of their rule, these regimes tend to be very popular and have the support of most people in the country. This popularity is mostly due to the governments promises of an ideal society. A totalitarian administration also requires a charismatic leader and modern developments in transportation and communication to spread its message. In order for a totalitarian state to be built, the leader must have a tremendous will to transform the society into his version of utopia (uta.edu). A central concept in the totalitarian system is the attainment of a specific goal. This goal is the reason why a totalitarian government exists and is essential to keeping the regime in power (britannica.com/). In Hitlers case, his goals were the purification of the Aryan race and the expansion of his territory. In a totalitarian state, all of its

Alcohol impact on family life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcohol impact on family life - Essay Example This is combined with alterations that are associated with key life events that lead to more dependency and negative turns associated within their lives. The events, both individually and within the family, are known to continue to affect individuals and families negatively through the dependence on alcohol (Dawson et al, 5: 2006). There are two ways in which alcohol begins to affect the family life of others in a negative manner. The first comes from teaching other families about the dependence on alcohol. In a recent survey (Seljamo et al, 984: 2006), it was found that there was a subsequent use of alcohol dependency on children who were consistently associated with dependency on alcohol. Those that had parents who were dependent on alcohol were found to have high rates in using the alcohol consistently. At 15 years of age, 83% of girls and 79% of boys began using alcohol, specifically with association of parents who were dependent on alcohol. The best predictors were a combination of drinking by parents when children were young and heavy drinking from the father of the household (Seljamo et al, 984: 2006). The addiction that was noted among children from the example is also a hindrance to the family because of cycles of abuse on other levels that begin to occur. The alcohol that is used from a state of dependency is one which is considered abusive and which can lead to responses which differ because of cognitive changes as well as emotional responses from the alcohol. This can lead to other forms of abuse in the household, ranging from altering behaviors, mental and physical abuse to others in the home. This impacts those who are directly impacted by the abuse as well as those who are in the environment and which are subjected to the impact which comes from the alcohol use. The result is changing cognitive responses from the household, specifically because of the way in which the abuse begins to rise in the household (Groh et al, 49: 2007). Examining Alcohol Abuse The complexities of alcohol abuse and the known changes which alter in the family lead to more questions about how alcohol abuse may affect behaviors. To further explain this, a survey can be conducted that relates to the use of alcohol, specifically which comes from relations in the family. The survey includes an impact of how alcoholic behaviors are determined through generations and the family. The understanding of abusive behaviors, such as how often one drinks, who one drinks with, situations one is in and relationships with family will be examined. There will then be an understanding of how this may influence others negatively and with the behaviors within families. Conclusion By examining alcohol abuse in the family, there is the ability to understand how the dynamics of individuals change, specifically because of the use of alcohol. While it is known that alcohol dependency leads to abuse in the family, as well as children using alcohol from the use of their parents, there are other areas which can be examined to determine how alcohol affects different individuals. Understanding what triggers one to drink, specifically which may arise from the conditions one is in, to creating an understanding of the events which occur to lead one to drink and to respond to those that are influenced by the alcohol can create an understanding of the patterns of behaviors that influence those who are involved with

History of The NFL Dallas Cowboys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of The NFL Dallas Cowboys - Essay Example H.R â€Å"Bum† Bright bought the team in 1984 from Murchison. The team produced bad results, and during the savings and loan crisis the team was taken over by FSLIC. Mr. Bright had little options to save the team hence Jerry Jones bought the Cowboys in 1989. The team has three stadiums since its formation as argued by Sullivan & Jeff (89). Cotton Bowl (originally know as Fair Park Bowl) was their first stadium, and they used it during their first 11 years in the NFL. The stadium got its name from the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game (The event moved to the Cowboys Stadium since 2010). The stadium is their only stadium within Dallas city limits. In October 24, 1971, the team moved to Texas stadium where majority of the Cowboys history was made. Dallas Cowboys played in the stadium for 37 years. The team lost their final game in Texas Stadium on December, 20, 2008 to Baltimore Ravens before moving to their current stadium. Cowboys Stadium is the team’s current home stadium. The Stadium is also the first to be located outside Dallas County and is the largest domed stadium in the world. In their analysis Sullivan & Jeff say that Dallas Cowboys have won many championships during the 52 years since they began playing in the NFL (34). The team won their first championship (NFL Eastern Conference Championship) in 1966. They have won the Conference Championship (NFL Eastern and NFC) 10 times. In Division Championship, the Cowboys have performed well by clinching 21 titles. However, the team made their greatest achievement in 1971, when they won the Super Bowl for the first time with Tom Landry as the coach. They won the title again in 1977. When Jerry took over, he fired him and replaced him with Jimmy Johnson who also won the title twice (1992 and 1993). Jimmy was replaced by Barry Switzer who won their last Super Bowl in 1995. Since their formation, the team’s uniform has changed a lot but the blue color

Fashion marketing Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion marketing - Dissertation Example From this research it is clear that the concept of fashion is one that is now growing to international trends that are affecting the market. When looking at different regions, it can be seen that there are changes and complexities that are altering how many are able to sell various fashion labels. The rise of globalization is one of the factors which are changing the contemporary issues and trends. This has led to two major trends in the industry, one which is based on fast changes for consumer trends, such as wholesale clothing, and the other which includes high – end fashion. These trends are further divided by resistance or acceptance to different styles, specifically which are influenced by region and the demands that are associated with the area. When looking at the Chinese market, it can be seen that the trends are continuously changing the most popular styles. This includes the high end clothing as well as fast changing trends, as well as the resistance and acceptance o f Western style clothing in society. This research study will examine the different marketing trends in the Chinese market as well as how these are directly influencing the fashion industry nationally and internationally. More important, there will be an examination of how the trends are altering the direction of fashion labels. The study will focus specifically on the acceptance of European brands among generation Y students, including the perceptions in terms of quality, image, emotional value and mindset from consumers. Rationale for Topic The changes in the fashion industry are continuing to alter at rapid rates. The study of the Chinese market and how it is a part of the changing trends provides a larger context in understanding the fashion industry. First, there is an understanding of the product cycles and trends that are incorporated into cultural values through different regions. At the same time, there will be a better understanding of how this affects the perceptions and fashion styles in the global market. The result will be the ability to understand production from global sourcing within the fashion industry (Tokatli, 2006). These specific trends will be further defined with importance because of the expectations associated with Generation Y youth in China. The perception of brand from this generation is one which is more open to European styles and contemporary looks that move outside of the traditional Chinese styles. The involvement is based on understanding status, attitude and emotion al impact with the youth (O’Cass, Choy, 2008). Understanding the impact of these different topics will help to further a personal career field with international brands and with the future of fashion. By determining the trends in fashion in one region, internationally and among Generation Y, there will be the ability to understand more about the impact which this makes on the future of fashion labels. Aims and Objectives The aims of this particular study will be to: 1. Examine the marketing trends in fashion among Chinese consumers 2. Examine the acceptance of international brands, specifically with a focus on Europe, among Chinese consumers 3. Define the difference between fast fashion trends and high quality luxury items 4. Examine the Generation Y trends, attitudes and behaviors to international brands, as opposed to national labeling. These specific aims will be used to understand marketing patterns and trends that are currently in China as well as how this links to inter national trends. More specifically, the objectives will identify marketing patterns that occur with specific types of brands for those who are in a given culture. The objectives will be used specifically to identify concepts that are occurring within fashion and with marketing trends. Methodology The methodology will consist of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the market that is in China. The qualitative analysis will consist of surveys that will be distributed online to 50-100 Generation Y participations. The youth will be asked questions

Issues Of Deforestation In Malaysia

Issues Of Deforestation In Malaysia Malaysia is witnessing a rapid growth in the vicinity of urban cities with the construction of large engineering structures (e.g. towers, factories, high-rise condominiums, wide-span bridges and highways) to meet the requirement for the nations economic growth, societal activities and the aspirations of its population. This urbanization is the increase over time in the population of cities in relation to the regions rural population. As we have stated, the growth of cities is frequently implicated in concerns about environmental deterioration. Almost half of the worlds population currently lives in urban areas, and for the foreseeable future, urbanization will increase (United Nations, 2001). What is more, urban growth and population growth generally in developing countries will outpace that in industrialized countries. These urban areas, whether small towns or megacities, each develop an environmental footprint. Although there are important regional differences in the level and trend of urbanization, city growth has proceeded steadily throughout the developing world (Chen et al,1998). As we recounted at the outset, many policy makers, government officials, and the like have a negative view of urbanization, who see urban growth as problematic. Environmental concerns would serve to reinforce these overall urban growth concerns. Yet, there is a positive association of urbanization and urban economic development with overall economic growth (NRC, 2003). However, the rapid rise of urbanization has giving more impacts into forest area. The forest can be define as a woods or the woods and less often as a wold (or weald), holt, or frith (or firth), is an area with a high density of trees. For the best define to the forest as an ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystems dominated by trees and other woody vegetation. But in Malaysia, it hard to define about forest. It is because there is a lack of good-quality data about the definition of a forest, the extent of forest cover, loss of forest, (un)sustainable yields, and so on in Malaysia. The official definition of a forest used in Malaysia differs from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition, which excludes areas under agricultural crops (e.g. oil palm). In Malaysia, however, the areas under oil palm, rubber and tree crops are frequently regarded as forest. The question of the definition of forests is particularly significant in the Malaysian context where the Malaysian forests are rapidly disappearing and, conversely, forest plantations areas are expanding (JOANGOHutan, September 2006). Malaysia currently has 32.8 million hectares of land area, of which 24.8 million hectares 75.5 per cent of total land are classified as forest and tree cover. Of these, 19.5 million hectares are forest cover and 5.3 million hectares are tree cover. Of the total forest cover, 9.2 million hectares (47.4 per cent) are found in Sarawak, 5.9 million hectares (30.1 per cent) are found in Peninsular Malaysia and 4.4 million hectares (22.5 per cent) in Sabah. Sabah claims it has the least forest(JOANGOHutan, September 2006). Although Malaysia is known as the equatorial rain forests of the world due to its location mapped and it`s forested, but the historical fact that the year of between 1990 and 2005 Malaysia lost 6.6% of its forest cover, or around 1, 486 000 hectares. As showed at table 1 for the information about the forest cover in Malaysia , 2010. Of course we know that forests bring many benefits to human life, flora and fauna. Right now, the degradation of forest frequently lately happened. It similarly, the same case in Kelantan. Kelantan is the one of the states in Peninsular Malaysia with the largest forest reserve. Unfortunately, the forest in there more to bare area because of deforestation and encroachment activities. Thus, a forest-related law has been established under the amended legislation 313 ( AKTA PERHUTANAN NEGARA 1984). Deforestation and increased road-building in the Kelantan are a significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wild areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to biodiversity. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. The continuing demand for urbanization in Malaysia in the next few decades of this century suggests the need for planning and implementation on forest area plans or programs which is going to be even more complex in the future than it has been in the past. Environmental impacts from deforestation such as slope erosion, mass movements, sediment yield and decreasing water quality may be expected in the continuous development of the urbanization (Khairlmaini Fauza,2010). So that, all the urbanization and deforestation, there have relate to environment implication factor. How much the urbanization of Kelantan is make it and it`s impacts to environmental implication factor? The example environment implication factor can be relate here such as heating temperature, landslide or slope erosion, and loss of natural habitats. Because of that, this paper addresses the issues and challenges affecting comprehensive and holistic outlook towards urbanization. Right now, researcher more concentrates the effect of urbanization in Kelantan and its decreasing of forest area or knowing as deforestation. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) are providing new tools for advancing ecosystem management. (Both of these tools has its own privileges. By viewing the lack of data analysis on the impact of the reduction of forest development, this thesis is done with the help of the two tools above to solve the problems.) In recent years, as a spatial database management system (DBMS), the Geographic Information System (GIS) has developed powerful tools for visualizing data (Peters and MacDonald, 2004; Fisher and Unwin, 2005; Liao et al., 2010). This development naturally leads to the emergence of new sub-disciplines or interdisciplines and one of them is Historical GIS, in which the GIS provides the investigation tool to study past phenomena, including demographic patterns, changes in land use and geopolitical scenarios (Gregory and Ell, 2007; Knowles, 2008). Since Historical GIS in Malaysia is still relatively lacking, this study was conducted to apply GIS to visualize the effect of urbanization on the forest area in Kelantan. Area estimation through remote sensing is often used for classification and production of crops statistics. This effort was demonstrated in the past by Gonzales-Alonso et al.(1991), Gallego and Delice (1993), Gonzales-Alonso and Cuevas (1993) and Ferencz et al.(2004). Integration of ground data and classification of remote sensing data is shows a greatest operational feasibility and economical interest that contribute for the benefits of the global society. Remote sensing data has the potential and the ability to provide spatial information at global scale; of features and phenomena on earth on an almost real-time basis. 1.2 BACKGROUD OF STUDY AREA Malaysia is situated in the Southeast Asia, between latitudes 1 o and 7o north, and longitudes 100o and 119o east. The regions in Malaysia are divided into six regions. There are four regions in Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia), and two regions in North Borneo (East Malaysia). The four regions in Peninsular Malaysia are the northern region (Perlis, Kedah, Perak, and Pulau Pinang), the central region (Selangor, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Negeri Sembilan, and Melaka), the Eastern region (Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang), and the southern region, which consists of just one state, Johor. The two regions in East Malaysia are the Sabah region, which consists of Sabah, and the Sarawak region, which consists of Sarawak. The surface area or total landmass is about 329,847 km2 (127,350 sq mi). The State of Kelantan lies in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. It is bounded on the western side by the State of Perak and Thailand, it shares it southern and eastern boundaries with the States of Pahang and Terengganu and is bounded on the north-east by the South-China Sea(P.G. PAK-POY ASSOCIATES (M) SDN BHD etc ,1981). The State contains a fertile alluvial plain, ideal for crops such as rice, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. Besides coinciding with a national administrative boundary, the physical boundary of Kelantan can be described in topographical terms as a geographical entity. It is separated, even isolated, from the neighbouring States of Perak, Pahang and Terengganu by mountains rising to over 7,000 ft. (2,160 m) on its western and southern borders, and to over 4,000 ft. (1,230 m) on portions of its eastern border. It has a narrow coastal plain where unrestrained movements of population and goods occur both into and out of the State(P.G. PAK-POY ASSOCIATES (M) SDN BHD etc ,1981). Kelantan covers an area of 14,922 sq. km which is 4.4 percent of the total area of Malaysia, and is administratively divided into ten districts: Kota Bharu, Pasir Mas, Tumpat, Pasir Puteh, Bachok, Kuala Krai, Machang, Tanah Merah, Jeli and Gua Musang.

Bill Bundy Essay -- essays research papers

Ted Bundy The name Theodore Bundy, more commonly known as Ted Bundy, is a household name. Not only is Ted Bundy a household name, it is one that sends chills through the bodies of those who hear it mentioned. This bone gnawing effect is felt more so through those who have daughters away from home, in college. For over two decades now, the mentioning of his name has gotten this exact reaction and will continue to do so for decades to come. Over the course of his killing career, Ted Bundy made himself one of the most notorious serial killers of all time, while going undetected for years. "He hid his murderous 'hobby' from all those who knew and loved him," (Faces of Ted 1). He was a very deceiving man, through his actions, his speech, everything about him. It was very easy for Ted to deceive his victims. "He was described at various times as the perfect student, a genius, as handsome as a movie idol, a sensitive psychiatric social worker, and 'a young man for whom the future could surely hold only success'," (Sears 1). All of these are traits that are incredibly dangerous in a serial killer. Serial killings have been one of the most terrifying, violent crimes in the United States for a great deal of time now. Serial killers "Typically commit their murders over a considerable span of time - sometimes years," (Serial Killers). Serial murderers tend to have a bit of down time between murders. They also tend to target a certain type of victim and commit their murders in similar places (Serial Killers). "Serial murder has become one of the central concerns in homicide investigation†¦" (Keppel 3). There are two distinct reasons for this. One is because it happens so frequently. The other is because it befuddles investigative agencies with its unique problems (Keppel 3). Ted Bundy grew up in what today's society would call "a dysfunctional home." For the first 23 years of his life, Ted believed that his grandparents were his parents and his mother was his sister. He was born Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24, 1946 to 22- year-old Eleanor Louise Cowell (Bell 2). Throughout his entire life, Ted never knew his real father, Lloyd Marshall. The confusion that Ted lived his life through came into play shortly after his birth. He and his mother moved back to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to live with her paren... ...y is a four-year-old child who has spent most of his life on the road with his mother, whom he thinks is his sister. He has never seen his real father, although he did live with his grandfather for a while and thought he was his father. Then he was pulled away from a home where he thought he lived with his parents, brought across the country to live with different relatives, and forced to change his name. Granted, at the age of only four, Ted might not be able to grasp all that has been going on, but he must have been a bit confused. Ted then grew up and went to school, only to be made fun of and bullied. He then grew older and moved on to college, only to have his heart broken, an event that would lead directly to his twisted ways. So right from the day he was born, Ted Bundy was basically living a false life. He was not Theodore Robert Cowell as he was at birth. Nor was he Theodore Robert Nelson as he was when his name was legally changed. The entire time, he was Ted Bundy, the demented serial killer who got his thrills through brutally torturing and tormenting beautiful, young women. Now, the name Ted Bundy will forever be synonymous with murder (Bell 2).